Crying (also called sobbing, wailing, weeping, bawling, and blubbering) is shedding tears Tears are the liquid product of a process of crying to clean and lubricate the eyes. The word lacrimation (also spelled lachrymation) may also be used in a medical or literary sense to refer to crying. Strong emotions, such as sorrow or elation, may lead to crying. The process of yawning may also result in lacrimation as a response to an emotional state Emotion is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon involving an individual's state of mind and its interaction between that individual and their environment. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience". Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, in humans Humans are a species of animal known taxonomically as Homo sapiens , and are the only extant member of the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. However, in some cases "human" is used to refer to any member of the genus Homo. The act of crying has been defined as "a complex secretomotor Secretomotor refers to the capacity of a structure to induce a gland to secrete a substance (usually mucus or serous) phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained within it may be outdated, without any irritation of the ocular structures".[1] The medical term for this is to lacrimate, which also refers to non-emotional shedding of "tears".

A neuronal connection In neuroscience, a neural network describes a population of physically interconnected neurons or a group of disparate neurons whose inputs or signalling targets define a recognizable circuit. Communication between neurons often involves an electrochemical process. The interface through which they interact with surrounding neurons usually consists between the lacrimal gland The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis (tear duct The nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops) and the areas of the human brain The human brain is the center of the human nervous system and is a highly complex organ. Enclosed in the cranium, it has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times as large as the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Most of the expansion comes from the cerebral cortex, a convoluted layer involved with emotion was established. No other animals Animals are a major group of mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals are also are thought to produce tears in response to emotional states,[2] although this is disputed by some scientists.[3]

According to a study of over 300 adults An adult is a human being or living organism that is of relatively mature age, typically associated with sexual maturity and the attainment of reproductive age. In human context, the term has other subordinate meanings associated to social and legal concepts, for example a legal adult is a legal concept for a person who has attained the age of, on average In mathematics, an average, central tendency of a data set is a measure of the "middle" or "expected" value of the data set men cry once every month A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which was first used and invented in Egypt, as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon; month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases; such months are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have; women cry at least five times per month,[2] especially before and during the menstrual cycle when crying can increase up to 5 times the normal rate, often without obvious reasons (such as depression Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines a depressed person as experiencing feelings of sadness, helplessness and hopelessness. In traditional colloquy, feeling "depressed" is often synonymous with feeling "sad", but both clinical depression or sadness Sadness is an emotion characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, and helplessness. When sad, people often become quiet, less energetic, and withdrawn).[4] In many cultures, it is more socially acceptable for women and children to cry, and less socially acceptable for men to cry.[2]

Tears produced during emotional crying have a chemical composition which differs from other types of tears. They contain significantly greater quantities of hormones prolactin Prolactin or Luteotropic hormone (LTH) is a peptide hormone discovered by Dr. Henry Friesen, primarily associated with lactation. In breastfeeding, the act of an infant sucking the nipple stimulates the production of prolactin, which fills the breast with milk via a process called lactogenesis, in preparation for the next feed. Oxytocin, another, adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone , also known as corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus). Its, Leu-enkephalin Leu-enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found naturally in the brains of many animals, including humans. It is one of the two forms of enkephalin; the other is met-enkephalin. The tyrosine residue at position 1 is thought to be analogous to the 3-hydroxyl group on morphine[5] and the elements potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (Latin: kalium, from Arabic: القَلْيَه‎ al-qalyah "plant ashes" cf. Alkali from the same root, more commonly known in Modern Standard Arabic as بوتاسيوم ‹bwtasywm›), atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash. Elemental and manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.[2]

Contents

Function

The question of the function or origin of emotional tears remains open. Theories range from the simple, such as response to inflicted pain Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is the feeling common to such experiences as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting iodine on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone", to the more complex, including nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. i.e., language is not the only source of communication, there are other means also. NVC can be communicated through gestures and touch (Haptic communication), by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye in order to elicit "helping" behaviour from others.[6]

In Hippocratic Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the Western father of medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the and medieval medicine, tears were associated with the bodily humours Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians, and became the most commonly held view of the human body among European physicians until the advent of modern, and crying was seen as purgation of excess humours from the brain.[7] William James William James was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher who was trained as a medical doctor. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism. He was the brother of novelist Henry James and of diarist Alice James thought of emotions as reflexes prior to rational thought, believing that the physiological response, as if to stress or irritation, is a precondition to cognitively becoming aware of emotions such as fear or anger.

William H. Frey II, a biochemist at the University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university located in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system and has the fifth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,140 students in 2008–2009, proposed that people feel "better" after crying, due to the elimination of hormones associated with stress Stress hormones such as cortisol, GH and norepinephrine are released at periods of high stress. The hormone regulating system is known as the endocrine system. Cortisol is believed to affect the metabolic system and norepinephrine is believed to play a role in ADHD as well as depression and hypertension, specifically adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone , also known as corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus). Its.[8] This, paired with increased mucosal secretion during crying, could lead to a theory that crying is a mechanism developed in humans to dispose of this stress hormone when levels grow too high.

Recent psychological theories of crying emphasize the relationship of crying to the experience of perceived helplessness.[9] From this perspective, an underlying experience of helplessness can usually explain why people cry. For example, a person may cry after receiving surprisingly happy news, ostensibly because the person feels powerless or unable to influence what is happening.

Emotional tears have also been put into an evolutionary context. One study proposes that crying, by blurring vision, can handicap aggressive or defensive actions, and may function as a reliable signal of appeasement, need, or attachment.[10]

A newborn child crying.

Types of crying in infants

Although crying is an infant's only way of communication, it is not limited to one monotone sound. There are three different types of cries apparent in infants. The first of these three is a basic cry, which is a systematic cry with a pattern of crying and silence. The basic cry starts with a cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant of the basic cry. An anger cry is much like the basic cry; however, in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. The third cry is the pain cry, which, unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. The pain cry is one loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding. It is important to note that most adults can determine whether an infant's cries signify anger or pain (Zeskind, Klein & Marshall, 1992). Most parents also have a better ability to distinguish their own infant's cries than those of a different child.[11]

There has been some evidence that crying between cultures also has some differences. In western countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, babies cry more than infants in Eastern European countries. East Asian and Southeast Asian babies cry the most in the world, while African babies cry less than anywhere in the world. This is due to an intense amount of crying in the first three months after birth, with periods of crying peaking in the fifth week of age. It is unknown why this difference occurs culturally.[12] A recent study has revealed that babies mimic their parents' pitch contour. French France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, infants wail on a rising note while the Germans A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, favor a falling melody.[13]

Disorders related to crying

References

  1. ^ V. Patel, Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review, Compr. Psych. 34 (1993) 206– 211. Quoted by Michelle C.P. Hendriks, A.J.J.M. Vingerhoets in Crying: is it beneficial for one’s well-being?
  2. ^ a b c d Why do we Cry, Walter, Chip, Source: Scientific American Mind; December 2006, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p44, 8p, ISSN 1555-2284
  3. ^ Frey, WH. Crying: the Mystery of Tears. Chapter 14: Do Animals Shed Emotional Tears? pp. 135-139
  4. ^ Fischer, Agneta (2000). Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 9780521639866. http://books.google.com/?id=tS1C8Sl5ysEC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=women+cry+during+menstrual.
  5. ^ Skorucak A. "The Science of Tears." ScienceIQ.com.
  6. ^ On the Origin of Crying and Tears, Human Ethology Newsletter, Vol. 5 Issue 10, June 1989, p. 5-6
  7. ^ Lutz (2001), 69ff.
  8. ^ "Crying; The Mystery of Tears" personal page of Frey WH with quote from his book
  9. ^ Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2003). Crying: discussing its basic reasons and uses. New Ideas in Psychology, 21(3), 247-273.
  10. ^ New Theory for Why We Cry
  11. ^ Santrock, John. (2008). Crying. In Fourth Edition A Topical Approach To Life-Span Development (pp.351-352) New York, NY. McGraw-Hill
  12. ^ Barr, Ronald. Keefe, Maureen. Roberts, Ian St. James. (2001). New Evidence On Unexplained Infant Crying: Its Origins, Nature, and Management. Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute.
  13. ^ Newborns' Cry Melody Is Shaped by Their Native Language
  14. ^ [Crocodile tears syndrome] [Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1990 May-Jun] - PubMed Result
  15. ^ Felicia B Axelrod and Gabrielle Gold-von Simson (October 3, 2007). "Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: types II, III, and IV". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2 (39): 39. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1186/1750-1172-2-39. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17915006. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system. PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine as an online archive of biomedical journal articles 2098750. http://www.ojrd.com/content/2/1/39. Retrieved 2008-11-04.

Further reading

External links

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