A mitogen is a chemical substance In chemistry, a chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition that encourages a cell to commence cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort of cell division in prokaryotes is known as binary, triggering mitosis Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and. A mitogen is usually some form of a protein Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded.

Mitogens trigger signal transduction In biology, signal transduction is a mechanism that converts a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cell into a specific cellular response. Signal transduction starts with a signal to a receptor, and ends with a change in cell function pathways in which mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved, leading to mitosis.

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Use in immunology

Plasma B cells Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow; however, these cells leave the bone marrow as B cells, before can enter mitosis when they encounter an antigen An antigen is a molecule recognized by the immune system. Originally the term came from antibody generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex and presented to a T-cell receptor. "Self" matching their immunoglobulin Antibodies are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. They are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains—to form, for example,.

Mitogens are often used to stimulate lymphocytes A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system and therefore assess immune function.

The most commonly used mitogens in clinical laboratory medicine are:

Name Acts upon T cells T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors . The abbreviation T, in T cell,? Acts upon B cells B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune?
phytohaemagglutinin Phytohaemagglutinin is a lectin found in plants, especially beans. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called Leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. The letters E and L point to the fact that these proteins agglutinate Erythrocytes and Leukocytes, respectively. It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans (PHA) yes no
concanavalin A (conA) yes no
lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharides , also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals (LPS) no yes
pokeweed mitogen (PWM) yes yes

Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharides , also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals toxin A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms (although humans are technically living organisms, man-made substances created by artificial processes usually are not considered toxins by this definition). It was the organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849-1919) who first used the term 'toxin' from gram-negative bacteria Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, coloring all Gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink color. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural is thymus The thymus is a specialized organ in the immune system. The functions of the thymus are the production of T-lymphocytes , which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system, and the production and secretion of thymosins, hormones which control T-lymphocyte activities and various other aspects of the immune system. The thymus is composed of two independent. They may directly activate B cells, regardless of their antigenic An antigen is a molecule recognized by the immune system. Originally the term came from antibody generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex and presented to a T-cell receptor. "Self" specificity Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test. Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of sick people who are identified as having the condition). Specificity measures the proportion of negatives which are correctly.

Plasma cells Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow; however, these cells leave the bone marrow as B cells, before are terminally differentiated In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as the organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is a common and therefore cannot undergo mitosis. Memory B cells In wake of first infection involving a particular antigen, the responding naїve (ones which have never been exposed to the antigen) cells proliferate to produce a colony of cells, most of which differentiate into the plasma cells, also called effector B cells (which produce the antibodies) and clear away with the resolution of infection, and the can proliferate to produce more memory cells or plasma B cells. This is how the mitogen works, by inducing mitosis in memory B cells to cause them to divide, with some becoming plasma cells.

Mitogens in Human Physiology

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 also known as somatomedin C or mechano growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. IGF-1 has also been referred to as a "sulfation factor" and its effects were termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" (NSILA) in the 1970s mediates the major growth-promoting effect of Human Growth Hormone Growth hormone is a protein-based poly-peptide hormone. It stimulates growth and cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin refers to as a paracrine agent at growth plates in the skeletal system.

Other uses

Mitogens also induce the activity of the PTGS2 enzyme Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Since enzymes are selective for their.

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Protein Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded: lectins Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are highly specific for their sugar moieties. They play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. For example, some viruses use lectins to attach themselves to the cells of the host organism during infection. Lectins may be disabled by specific mono- and oligosaccharides which
Animal
C-type lectins Asialoglycoprotein receptor · KLRD1 · Collectin (Mannan-binding lectin Mannose binding lectin , also named mannose- or mannan-binding protein (MBP), is an important factor in innate immunity) · Mannose receptor · proteochondroitin sulfate (Aggrecan, Versican, Brevican, Neurocan)
Other Calnexin Calnexin is a 90kDa integral protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It consists of a large (50 kDa) N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail · Calreticulin · CD22 CD22 or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. Generally speaking, CD22 is a regulatory molecule that prevents the overactivation of the immune system and the development of autoimmune diseases · CD33 CD33 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells · Galectin · Myelin-associated glycoprotein · N-Acetylglucosamine receptor · Selectin Selectins are a family of cell adhesion molecules . All selectins are single-chain transmembrane glycoproteins that share similar properties to C-type lectins due to a related amino terminus and calcium-dependent binding. Selectins bind to sugar moieties and so are considered to be a type of lectin, cell adhesion proteins that bind sugar polymers · Sialoadhesin
Plant Abrin · Ricin Ricin is a protein that is extracted from the castor bean (Ricinus communis). Ricin may cause allergic reactions, and is toxic, though the severity depends on the route of exposure · Mitogens (Concanavalin A, Phytohaemagglutinin Phytohaemagglutinin is a lectin found in plants, especially beans. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called Leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. The letters E and L point to the fact that these proteins agglutinate Erythrocytes and Leukocytes, respectively. It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans, Pokeweed mitogen) · Legume lectin · BanLec
This biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Over the last 40 years biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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'Mitogen' Blogs
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Interleukin-1 Independently Regulate ...
mcr.aacrjournals.org
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Interleukin-1 Independently Regulate ...

Bryan, L., Paugh, B. S., Kapitonov, D., Wilczynska, K. M., Alvarez, S. M., Singh, S. K., Milstien, S., Spiegel, S., Kordula, T.

2008-09-25 07:00:00

Accordingly, the inhibition of . mitogen. -activated protein kinase/extracel​lular signal regulated kinase kinase 1/2 and Rho-kinase, two downstream signaling cascades activated by S1P2, blocked the activation of PAI-1 and uPAR mRNA . ...

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